SamTrans is investing in zero-emission buses to do its part to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, fight climate change, and keep our air clean and communities healthy. California requires all public transit agencies with buses to transition to a 100% zero-emission bus fleet by 2040.  

SamTrans’ goal is to convert the full fleet to zero-emission technology by 2034, six years ahead of the state mandate. This will save significant costs and avoids any future diesel bus purchases.  

There is an overarching funding need for transit agencies transitioning to zero emissions. SamTrans has secured several state, regional, and federal funding opportunities for new buses and infrastructure. However, the transition is not fully funded, so SamTrans is actively pursuing additional opportunities.  

SamTrans is transitioning its diesel fleet to battery electric and hydrogen fuel cell electric buses. The SamTrans Board of Directors has approved the purchase of 118 hydrogen fuel cell buses (FCEBs) and 37 battery-electric buses (BEBs) for the SamTrans fleet. They are planning to make the decision about the remainder of the 322 revenue bus fleet in 2025. 

Having a mixed fleet will help the SamTrans bus system be more flexible, resilient, and adapt to changes in technology. BEB and FCEB technology and costs continue to improve and change at a quick pace. By considering and pursuing both options, SamTrans will make more informed decisions about technology for the remaining fleet. 

BEBs are powered by rechargeable batteries. These buses store electricity in onboard batteries, which is then used to power an electric motor that drives the vehicle. BEBs have a range of around 180-200 miles and take 4-6 hours to charge. 

FCEBs have hydrogen fuel cells. In a hydrogen fuel cell, hydrogen and oxygen are combined to generate electricity, heat, and water. The fuel cell converts the energy into usable electricity that is stored in battery packs to power each bus. Refueling a hydrogen bus is similar to refueling a conventional gas or diesel vehicle. FCEBs have a range of around 260-300 miles and take 5-20 minutes to charge. 

Several factors are considered when determining the environmental benefits of a new technology. Both BEBs and FCEBs have zero GHG emissions coming out of the tailpipe. 

Currently, most hydrogen fuel is created through steam methane reformation, but there is a lot of work underway to make greener forms of hydrogen by using renewable energy and water electrolysis. We are likely to see growing adoption of hydrogen fueled vehicles. There is significant state and federal interest in funding hydrogen production. For example, California has a special initiative called ARCHES to accelerate renewable hydrogen projects and infrastructure. 

Beyond GHG emissions, we can also look at how environmentally sustainable the vehicle is itself. Hydrogen buses generate much less battery waste than BEBs. Vehicle batteries are not yet commonly commercially recyclable, leading to hazardous waste at the end of their life. A BEB needs six battery packs to operate, compared to an FCEB, which only uses one battery pack. 

The hydrogen fuel is being delivered by Plug Power, the company that installed the refueler. Plug Power will deliver hydrogen fuel to the site for three years. The power for the battery electric buses is obtained from PG&E, accessible through BEB charging infrastructure. 

Every operator employed by the district will receive one-on-one personalized training, including safety protocols and behind-the-wheel training before they can operate our FCEBs and BEBs. All training will be provided in-house by our mechanic instructors. 

Yes, hydrogen is as safe as other fuels and has been used since the 19th century. Hydrogen is non-toxic, safe to breathe, and nothing drips or spills during fueling. Since hydrogen is lighter than air, colorless, and odorless, it can be difficult to detect. There are safety systems installed at the fueling station and on the vehicle to monitor potential leaks and fires. These have passed stringent testing and are compliant with national codes and standards. 

SamTrans performs rigorous inspections and testing on zero emission vehicles and equipment before they are available to the public and on an ongoing basis. SamTrans also follows safety procedures for handling fuels and energy sources. Whether it be gasoline and diesel, or electric batteries and hydrogen, it is important to handle all energy sources with care. 

All employees undergo hydrogen safety training on emergency and evacuation procedures. Certain employees have received advanced training and are responsible for responding to and giving guidance during emergencies. Local fire departments and first responders also receive safety trainings. 

SamTrans’ hydrogen fueler will be remotely monitored 24 hours per day and 7 days per week. The remote monitoring system includes infrared cameras, leak detection, and flame detection. It can be shut off remotely and call first responders. In addition, SamTrans has added additional cameras at the facility to provide video monitoring for the fueler.