Declaration of interests S Afzal reports support for the present manuscript from HEC Digital Library Pakistan. S Afzal reports payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from King Edward Medical University and collaborative partners including University of Johns Hopkins, University of California, and University of Massachusetts; participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board with National Bioethics Committee Pakistan, King Edward Medical University Institutional Ethical Review Board, and Ethical Review Board Fatima Jinnah Medical University and Sir Ganga Ram Hospital; leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid, with Pakistan Association of Medical Editors, Faculty of Public Health Royal Colleges UK (FFPH) as a fellow, Society of Prevention, Advocacy And Research, King Edward Medical University (SPARK), and Pakistan Society of Infectious Diseases as a member; and other financial or non-financial interests from Public Health and Preventive Medicine at King Edward Medical University as Dean, Annals of King Edward Medical University as Chief Editor, Quality Enhancement Cell at King Edward Medical University as director, Research and Publications Higher Education Commission Pakistan as a member; all outside the submitted work. A Biswas reports consulting fees from Lupin Pharmaceuticals, India, Alkem Laboratories. India, Intas Pharmaceuticals, India, Eisai Pharmaceuticals, India, and Torrent Pharmaceuticals, India, all outside the submitted work. R Bai reports support for the present manuscript from the Social Science Fund of Jiangsu Province (grant number 21GLD008) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (grant number 30923011101). M L Bell reports grants or contracts paid to their institution from US Environmental Protection Agency, National Institutes of Health (NIH; USA), High Tide Foundation, Health Effects Institute, Yale Women Faculty Forum, Environmental Defense Fund, Wellcome Trust Foundation, Yale Climate Change and Health Center, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, and Hutchinson Postdoctoral Fellowship; consulting fees from Clinique, ToxiMap, and SciQuest; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Colorado School of Public Health, Duke University, University of Texas, Data4Justice, Korea University, Organization of Teratology Information Specialists, University of Pennsylvania, Boston University, IOP Publishing, NIH, Health Canada, EHS, PAC-10, UK Research and Innovation, AXA Research Fund Fellowship, Harvard University, University of Montana, and SciQuest; support for attending meetings and/or travel from Colorado School of Public Health, University of Texas, Duke University, Boston University, University of Pennsylvania, Harvard University, American Journal of Public Health, Columbia University, Community Modeling and Analysis System (CMAS) conference, Nature conference; leadership or fiduciary roles in other board, society, committee or advocacy groups, unpaid, from Fifth National Climate Assessment, Lancet Countdown, Johns Hopkins EHE Advisory Board, Harvard external advisory committee (for training grant), WHO Global Air Pollution and Health Technical Advisory group, National Academies Panels and Committees, and from US EPA Clean Air Scientific Advisory Committee (CASAC; paid); all outside the submitted work. L Belo reports other financial or non-financial support from FCT in the scope of the project UIDP/04378/2020 and UIDB/04378/2020 of UCIBIO and the project LA/P/0140/2020 of i4HB; outside the submitted work. S Bhaskar reports grants or contracts from Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) and Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) for a grant-in-aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI; P23712), and from JSPS and the Australian Academy of Science for a JSPS International Fellowship (P23712); leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid with Rotary District 9675, Sydney, Australia (District Chair, Diversity, Equity & Inclusion), Global Health & Migration Hub Community, Global Health Hub Germany, Berlin, Germany (Chair, Founding Member and Manager), PLoS One, BMC Neurology, Frontiers in Neurology, Frontiers in Stroke, Frontiers in Public Health, Journal of Aging Research & BMC Medical Research Methodology (Editorial Board Member), College of Reviewers, Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), Government of Canada (Member), World Headache Society, Bengaluru, India (Director of Research), Cariplo Foundation, Milan, Italy (Expert Adviser/Reviewer), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Department of Neurology, Suita, Osaka, Japan (Visiting Director), and Cardiff University Biobank, Cardiff, UK (Member, Scientific Review Committee); all outside the submitted work. E J Boyko reports payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Korean Diabetes Association, International Society for the Diabetic Foot, Diabetes Association of the R.O.C. (Taiwan), American Diabetes Association; support for attending meetings and/or travel from Korean Diabetes Association, Diabetes Association of the R.O.C. (Taiwan), International Society for the Diabetic Foot; all outside the submitted work. J Conde reports grants or contracts from European Research Council Starting Grant (ERC-StG-2019-848325. Funding €1.5M); patents planned, issued or pending Surfactant-Based Hydrogel, Methods and Uses Thereof with Universidade Nova de Lisboa; all outside the submitted work. G F Gil reports grants or contracts from Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation through role as researcher on the GEM team at Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME); support for attending meetings and/or travel from University of Washington (Graduate and Professional Student Senate) paid through IHME; all outside the submitted work. A Guha reports grants or contracts from American Heart Association and Department of Defense (USA); consulting fees with Pfizer and Novartis; leadership or fiduciary roles in other board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid with ZERO Prostate Cancer (health equity task force); all outside the submitted work. A Hassan reports consulting fees from Novartis, Sanofi Genzyme, Biologix, Merck, Hikma Pharmaceuticals, Janssen, Inspire Pharma, Future Pharma, Elixir Pharma; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Novartis, Allergan, Merck, Biologix, Janssen, Roche, Sanofi Genzyme, Bayer, Hikma Pharmaceuticals, Al Andalus, Chemipharm, Lundbeck, Inspire Pharma, Future Pharma and Habib Scientific Office, and EVER Pharma; support for attending meetings and/or travel from Novartis, Allergan, Merck, Biologix, Roche, Sanofi Genzyme, Bayer, Hikma Pharmaceuticals, Chemipharm, and Al Andalus and Clavita Pharm; leadership or fiduciary roles in other board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid with the Egyptian Society of Neurology (board member of headache chapter), and International Headache Society (committee of education member, regional committee member); all outside the submitted work. C Herteliu reports grants or contracts from Romanian Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digitalization through UEFISCDI (Project “Analysis of the impact of Covid-19 on the main demographic indicators in Romania and the Republic of Moldova by using econometric modeling” code PN-IV-P8-8.3-ROMD-2023-0208), European Commision Horizon 4P-CAN (Personalised Cancer Primary Prevention Research through Citizen Participation and Digitally Enabled Social Innovation), European Union – NextgenerationEU and Romanian Government, under National Recovery and Resilience Plan for Romania (Project “Societal and Economic Resilience within multi-hazards environment in Romania,” contract number 760050/ 23.05.2023, cod PNRR-C9-I8-CF 267/ 29.11.2022, through the Romanian Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digitalization, within Component 9, Investment I8)(Project “A better understanding of socio-economic systems using quantitative methods from Physics,” contract number 760034/ 23.05.2023, cod PNRR-C9-I8-CF 255/ 29.11.2022, through the Romanian Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digitalization, within Component 9, Investment I8); all outside the submitted work. I M Ilic reports support for the present manuscript from Ministry of Education, Science and Technological development, Republic of Serbia (project No 175042, 2011-2023). M D Ilic reports support for the present manuscript from Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovation of the Republic of Serbia (number 451-03-47/2023-01/200111). T Joo reports support for the present manuscript from National Research, Development and Innovation Office in Hungary (RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00006), Data-Driven Health Division of National Laboratory for Health Security. J Jozwiak reports payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Novartis, Adamed, and Amgen outside the submitted work. S V Katikireddi reports support for the present manuscript, paid to their institution, from Medical Research Council (MC_UU_00022/2), Scottish Government Chief Scientist Office (SPHSU17), and European Research Council (949582). K Krishan reports non-financial support from the UGC Centre of Advanced Study, CAS II, awarded to the Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, outside the submitted work. J L Leasher reports leadership or fiduciary roles in other board, society, committee or advocacy groups, unpaid, with Member Planning Group for National Eye Health Education Program, National Eye Institute, USA outside the submitted work. H R Marateb reports grants or contracts paid to their institution, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya–Barcelona Tech (UPC), from The Beatriu de Pinós post-doctoral programme from the Office of the Secretary of Universities and Research from the Ministry of Business and Knowledge of the Government of Catalonia (programme: 2020 BP 00261) outside the submitted work. E Mathews reports grants and contracts from the DBT India Alliance/Wellcome Trust (Clinical and Public Health Early Career Fellowship, grant number IA/CPHE/17/1/503345) outside the submitted work. S A Meo reports grants or contracts from Researchers Supporting Project, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (RSP-2024 R47) outside the submitted work. R S Moreira reports grants or contracts from the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) for a CNPq Research Productivity Scholarship (scholarship registration number: 316607/2021-5) outside the submitted work. S Nomura reports support for the present manuscript from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan (24H00663) and from the Japan Science and Technology Agency for Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (JPMJPR22R8). O O Odukoya reports grants or contracts from the Northwestern/Nigeria Research Training Program in HIV and Malignancies (NN-HAM; 2D43TW009575-11) outside the submitted work. A P Okekunle reports support for the present manuscript from the National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT (2020H1D3A1A04081265). A P Okekunle reports support for attending meetings and/or travel from National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT (2020H1D3A1A04081265) outside the submitted work. R F Palma-Alvarez reports payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Angelini, Casen-Recordati, Exeltis, Lundbeck, Takeda, and Neuraxpharm outside the submitted work. R Passera reports participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board (unpaid) for “Consolidation with ADCT-402 (loncastuximab tesirine) after immunochemotherapy: a phase II study in BTKi-treated/ineligible Relapse/Refractory Mantle Cell Lymphoma (MCL) patients” with Fondazione Italiana Linfomi (FIL), Alessandria; leadership or fiduciary roles in other board, society, committee or advocacy groups (unpaid) as Member of the EBMT Statistical Committee, European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Paris (FRANCE) and past member 2020-2023 (biostatistician) of the IRB/IEC Comitato Etico AO SS. Antonio e Biagio Alessandria-ASL AL-VC (ITALY); all outside the submitted work. Y L Samodra reports grants or contracts from Taipei Medical University; leadership or fiduciary roles in other board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid, with Benang Merah Research Center, Indonesia as co-founder; all outside the submitted work. J Sanabria reports support for attending meetings and/or travel from the University Medical School for Continuing Medical Education (CME); three patents granted and two pending, no royalties; all outside the submitted work. B M Schaarschmidt reports grants or contracts from Else Kröner-Fresenius Foundation, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, and PharmaCept GmbH; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from AstraZeneca; support for travel from Bayer; all outside the submitted work. V Sharma reports other financial or non-financial support from DFSS (MHA)'s research project (DFSS28(1)2019/EMR/6) at Institute of Forensic Science & Criminology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, outside the submitted work. V Shivarov reports stock or stock options from ICON; other financial or non-financial interests CON/PRAHS via a salary; all outside the submitted work. S Shrestha reports other financial or non-financial support from the School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia via the Graduate Research Merit Scholarship outside the submitted work. J P Silva reports support for the present manuscript from the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology via payment of a salary (contract with reference 2021.01789.CEECIND/CP1662/CT0014). J A Singh reports consulting fees from ROMTech, Atheneum, Clearview Healthcare Partners, American College of Rheumatology, Yale University, Hulio, Horizon Pharmaceuticals, DINORA, ANI/Exeltis, USA, Frictionless Solutions, Schipher, Crealta/Horizon, Medisys, Fidia, PK Med, Two Labs, Adept Field Solutions, Clinical Care Options, Putnam Associates, Focus Forward, Navigant Consulting, Spherix, MedIQ, Jupiter Life Science, UBM LLC, Trio Health, Medscape, WebMD, Practice Point Communications, and the National Institutes of Health (USA); payment or honoraria for speakers bureaus from Simply Speaking; past support for attending meetings and/or travel from OMERACT as a steering committee member; participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board (unpaid) with the Food and Drug Administration (USA) Arthritis Advisory Committee; leadership or fiduciary roles in other board, society, committee or advocacy groups with OMERACT as past steering committee member (paid), the Veterans Affairs Rheumatology Field Advisory Committee as Chair (unpaid), and the UAB Cochrane Musculoskeletal Group Satellite Center on Network Meta-analysis as Editor and Director (unpaid); stock or stock options in Atai Life Sciences, Kintara Therapeutics, Intelligent Biosolutions, Acumen Pharmaceutical, TPT Global Tech, Vaxart Pharmaceuticals, Atyu Biopharma, Adaptimmune Therapeutics, GeoVax Labs, Pieris Pharmaceuticals, Enzolytics, Seres Therapeutics, Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp., Aebona Pharmaceuticals, Charlotte's Web Holdings, and previously owned stock options in Amarin, Viking, and Moderna Pharmaceuticals; all outside the submitted work. M Solmi reports payment or honoraria for advisory boards or educational events from AbbVie, Lundbeck, and Otsuka, outside the submitted work. D J Stein reports personal fees from Discovery Vitality, Johnson & Johnson, Kanna, L’Oreal, Lundbeck, Orion, Sanofi, Servier, Takeda and Vistagen, outside the submitted work. J H V Ticoalu reports leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid with Benang Merah Research Center, Indonesia as co-founder, outside the submitted work. P Willeit reports consulting fees from Novartis Pharmaceuticals, outside the submitted work. M Zielińska reports other financial or non-financial support as an AstraZeneca employee, outside the submitted work.