The plastics lifecycle is closely linked to climate change, as most primary plastics are fossil-fuel based. Fossil fuel extraction, plastics production and conversion contribute 90% of quantifiable plastics-related GHG emissions. Significant GHG emissions also come from the end-of-life stage.

Despite current climate mitigation policies, the plastics lifecycle would emit 2.8 gigatonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (GtCO₂e) of GHG emissions annually by 2040 (5% of total), up from 1.8 GtCO₂e in 2020. Co-ordinated plastics and climate policies are needed to reduce plastics-related GHG emissions and achieve climate mitigation goals.

Eliminating plastic leakage will require greater investment, including to cover efforts to curb plastic pollution in developing countries. New approaches will be necessary to address the investment gap, including improving the global distribution of existing resources and their alignment to country needs and priorities, and mobilising more investment from the private sector. It is also important to develop guidance for more effective co-operation with developing countries in this area.

Stronger international co-operation is needed to curb plastics production and demand, improve the circularity of plastic materials, enhance recycling and eliminate plastic leakage to the environment. Developing countries play a critical role since, while they often generate less waste than developed countries, some lack the resources to effectively manage that waste. Plastic waste imports from other countries may also overwhelm local infrastructure. Developed countries must invest more to support low and middle-income countries – where the bulk of mismanaged waste occurs – in implementing proper infrastructure.  

Plastics are composed of polymers and chemical additives designed to provide useful properties to the material. However, these substances can generate leakage of microplastics and have impacts on human health and environment across the plastic lifecycle. Their selection and use must therefore be given careful consideration to minimise risks. The OECD equips designers and engineers with knowledge of relevant chemical considerations when selecting sustainable plastic, supporting better outcomes and a more transparent process.