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Comparative Study
. 2018 Jul 27;13(7):e0200721.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200721. eCollection 2018.

Computer-aided diagnosis of lung nodule classification between benign nodule, primary lung cancer, and metastatic lung cancer at different image size using deep convolutional neural network with transfer learning

Mizuho Nishio  1   2 , Osamu Sugiyama  2 , Masahiro Yakami  1   2 , Syoko Ueno  3 , Takeshi Kubo  1 , Tomohiro Kuroda  4 , Kaori Togashi  1
Affiliations
Comparative Study

Computer-aided diagnosis of lung nodule classification between benign nodule, primary lung cancer, and metastatic lung cancer at different image size using deep convolutional neural network with transfer learning

Mizuho Nishio et al. PLoS One. .

Abstract

We developed a computer-aided diagnosis (CADx) method for classification between benign nodule, primary lung cancer, and metastatic lung cancer and evaluated the following: (i) the usefulness of the deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) for CADx of the ternary classification, compared with a conventional method (hand-crafted imaging feature plus machine learning), (ii) the effectiveness of transfer learning, and (iii) the effect of image size as the DCNN input. Among 1240 patients of previously-built database, computed tomography images and clinical information of 1236 patients were included. For the conventional method, CADx was performed by using rotation-invariant uniform-pattern local binary pattern on three orthogonal planes with a support vector machine. For the DCNN method, CADx was evaluated using the VGG-16 convolutional neural network with and without transfer learning, and hyperparameter optimization of the DCNN method was performed by random search. The best averaged validation accuracies of CADx were 55.9%, 68.0%, and 62.4% for the conventional method, the DCNN method with transfer learning, and the DCNN method without transfer learning, respectively. For image size of 56, 112, and 224, the best averaged validation accuracy for the DCNN with transfer learning were 60.7%, 64.7%, and 68.0%, respectively. DCNN was better than the conventional method for CADx, and the accuracy of DCNN improved when using transfer learning. Also, we found that larger image sizes as inputs to DCNN improved the accuracy of lung nodule classification.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Fig 1
Fig 1. Schematic illustration of the modified VGG-16.
Note: Except softmax layer, activation function is not shown.
Fig 2
Fig 2. Representative CT images of lung nodules.
(A) benign nodule, (B) primary lung cancer and (C) metastatic lung cancer.
Fig 3
Fig 3. Three CT images obtained from three orthogonal planes used for input to 2D-DCNN.
Fig 2(B) is identical to Fig 3(A). (A) axial image, (B) coronal image and (C) sagittal image. Abbreviations: DCNN, deep convolutional neural network.
Fig 4
Fig 4. Representative results of loss and accuracy during DCNN training with transfer learning.
Abbreviations: DCNN, deep convolutional neural network.
Fig 5
Fig 5. Representative results of loss and accuracy during DCNN training without transfer learning.
Abbreviations: DCNN, deep convolutional neural network.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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Publication types

Grants and funding

This study was supported by JSPS KAKENHI (grant number JP16K19883). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.