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. 2014 Oct 23;21(10):1300-1309.
doi: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2014.07.014. Epub 2014 Aug 28.

Sulfated glycosaminoglycans control the extracellular trafficking and the activity of the metalloprotease inhibitor TIMP-3

Linda Troeberg  1 , Christopher Lazenbatt  2 , Md Ferdous Anower-E-Khuda  3 , Craig Freeman  4 , Oleg Federov  5 , Hiroko Habuchi  6 , Osami Habuchi  6 , Koji Kimata  3 , Hideaki Nagase  2
Affiliations

Sulfated glycosaminoglycans control the extracellular trafficking and the activity of the metalloprotease inhibitor TIMP-3

Linda Troeberg et al. Chem Biol. .

Abstract

Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3 (TIMP-3) is an important regulator of extracellular matrix (ECM) turnover. TIMP-3 binds to sulfated ECM glycosaminoglycans or is endocytosed by cells via low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP-1). Here, we report that heparan sulfate (HS) and chondroitin sulfate E (CSE) selectively regulate postsecretory trafficking of TIMP-3 by inhibiting its binding to LRP-1. HS and CSE also increased TIMP-3 affinity for glycan-binding metalloproteinases, such as adamalysin-like metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 5 (ADAMTS-5), by reducing the dissociation rate constants. The sulfation pattern was crucial for these activities because monosulfated or truncated heparin had a reduced ability to bind to TIMP-3 and increase its affinity for ADAMTS-5. Therefore, sulfation of ECM glycans regulates the levels and inhibitory activity of TIMP-3 and modulates ECM turnover, and small mimicries of sulfated glycans may protect the tissue from the excess destruction seen in diseases such as osteoarthritis, cancer, and atherosclerosis.

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Figures

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Graphical abstract
Figure 1
Figure 1
TIMP-3 Binds to Highly Sulfated Glycosaminoglycans Glycosaminoglycan-binding multiwell plates were coated with 10 μg/ml PPS, heparin, HS, DS, aggrecan, hyaluronic acid (HA), squid CSE, bonito CSE, C-4-S, or C-6-S. Wells were then incubated with TIMP-3-FLAG, and bound TIMP-3 was detected using M2 anti-FLAG primary antibody and a horseradish peroxidase-coupled secondary antibody.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Sulfated Glycosaminoglycans Block LRP-1-Mediated Endocytosis of TIMP-3 (A) HTB94 chondrosarcoma cells were incubated in serum-free DMEM with recombinant TIMP-3-FLAG (0.5 nM) either alone (control) or in the presence of RAP (1 μM), heparin (200 μg/ml), HS (200 μg/ml), C-4-S (200 μg/ml), or bonito CSE (200 μg/ml). TIMP-3 remaining in the medium was detected by immunoblotting using M2 anti-FLAG antibody. (B) TIMP-3 remaining in the medium of cells shown in (A) was quantified using Phoretix 1D software. Symbols indicate TIMP-3 alone (○) or with C-4-S (▼), HS (□), heparin (●), bonito CSE (♦), or RAP (▲). (C) HTB94 chondrosarcoma cells were incubated in serum-free DMEM containing RAP (0.5 and 0.75 μM), heparin (100 and 200 μg/ml), HS (100 and 200 μg/ml), C-4-S (100 and 200 μg/ml), or bonito CSE (100 and 200 μg/ml). Accumulation of endogenous TIMP-3 in the medium was detected by immunoblotting using a rabbit anti-TIMP-3 antibody. (D) LRP-1 (5 nM) was coated onto a microtiter plate and wells blocked with 3% (m/v) bovine serum albumin in TIMP buffer. Wells were then incubated with TIMP-3-FLAG (control) or with TIMP-3-FLAG preincubated for 1 hr at 37°C with heparin, HS, bonito CSE, or squid CSE (200 μg/ml). Bound TIMP-3-FLAG was detected using M2 anti-FLAG antibody.
Figure 3
Figure 3
sGAGs Increase TIMP-3 Affinity for ADAMTS-5 (A) ADAMTS-5 (0.5 nM) was incubated with TIMP-3 (0.5–10 nM, 1 hr, 37°C) in TIMP buffer alone (○) or with HS (□, 1 μM of 8 kDa polysaccharide and 13 μM disaccharide), heparin (●, 100 nM of 12.5 kDa polysaccharide and 2 μM disaccharide), or PPS (▵, 100 nM of 4.7 kDa polysaccharide and 0.8 μM disaccharide), and the residual activity against fluorescent peptide substrate was determined. (B) ADAMTS-5 (0.5 nM) was incubated with TIMP-3 (0.5–10 nM, 1 hr, 37°C) in TIMP buffer alone (○) or with bonito CSE (♦, 100 nM of 8.7 kDa polysaccharide and 1.5 μM disaccharide) or squid CSE (▿, 100 nM of 50 kDa polysaccharide and 8.3 μM disaccharide), and the residual activity against the fluorescent peptide substrate was determined. (C) TIMP-3 (0.5 nM) was incubated with ADAMTS-5 (0.5 nM) and various concentrations of HS (10−8–10−4 M disaccharide), heparin (10−8–10−5 M disaccharide), or PPS (10−9–10−4 M disaccharide) (1 hr, 37°C). The residual activity against the fluorescent peptide substrate was determined. (D) TIMP-3 (0.5 nM) was incubated with ADAMTS-5 (0.5 nM) and various concentrations of bonito CSE (10−11–10−5 M disaccharide), squid CSE fraction 1 (10−8–10−5 M disaccharide), squid CSE fraction 2 (10−12–10−5 M disaccharide), or squid CSE fraction 3 (10−12–10−5 M disaccharide) (1 hr, 37°C). The residual activity against the fluorescent peptide substrate was determined.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Biolayer Interferometry Analysis Showing that sGAGs Reduce Dissociation of the TIMP-3-ADAMTS-5 Complex (A) Streptavidin tips were coated with biotinylated TIMP-3, and binding of ADAMTS-5 (20–500 nM) was analyzed by biolayer interferometry. (B) Streptavidin tips coated with biotinylated TIMP-3 were incubated with ADAMTS-5 (200 nM) and TIMP buffer (no GAG), HS (100 μM), bonito CSE (10 μM), PPS (100 nM), or squid CSE (10 μM) in TIMP buffer. Binding was analyzed by biolayer interferometry.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Size and Sulfation Affect the Heparin-Mediated Increase in TIMP-3 Affinity for ADAMTS-5 (A and B) Heparin (60 μM disaccharide) of dp36 (12.5 kDa), dp14 (5 kDa), dp9 (3 kDa), or dp5 (1.7 kDa) was immobilized on glycosaminoglycan-binding multiwell plates. The wells were then incubated with FLAG-tagged TIMP-3 (0.08–10 nM) (A) or FLAG-tagged ADAMTS-5 (0.3–20 nM) (B). Bound protein was detected using M2 anti-FLAG primary antibody and a horseradish peroxidase-coupled secondary antibody. (C) TIMP-3 (0.5 nM) and ADAMTS-5 (0.5 nM) were incubated (1 hr, 37°C) with various concentrations (1–2000 nM disaccharide) of heparin with dp36, dp14, dp9, or dp5. The residual activity against the fluorescent peptide substrate was determined. (D and E) Heparin (60 μM disaccharide) of dp36 (12.5 kDa) either normally sulfated (untreated), N-desulfated (N-deS), 6-O-desulfated (6-O-deS), or 2-O-desulfated (2-O-deS) was immobilized on glycosaminoglycan-binding multiwell plates. The wells were then incubated with FLAG-tagged TIMP-3 (0.08–10 nM) (D) or FLAG-tagged ADAMTS-5 (0.16–20 nM) (E). Bound protein was detected using M2 anti-FLAG primary antibody and a horseradish peroxidase-coupled secondary antibody. (F) TIMP-3 (0.5 nM) and ADAMTS-5 (0.5 nM) were incubated (1 hr, 37°C) with various concentrations (10–2000 nM disaccharide) of dp36 (12.5 kDa) heparin, either normally sulfated (untreated), N-desulfated, 6-O-desulfated, or 2-O-desulfated The residual activity against the fluorescent peptide substrate was determined. (G and H) Heparin of dp36 (untreated) or glycol-split dp36 heparin (60 μM disaccharide) were immobilized on glycosaminoglycan-binding multiwell plates, and the wells were then incubated with FLAG-tagged TIMP-3 (0.08–10 nM) (G) or FLAG-tagged ADAMTS-5 (0.16–20 nM) (H). Bound protein was detected using M2 anti-FLAG primary antibody and a horseradish peroxidase-coupled secondary antibody. (I) TIMP-3 (0.5 nM) and ADAMTS-5 (0.5 nM) were incubated (1 hr, 37°C) with various concentrations (10–2000 nM disaccharide) of dp36 heparin (untreated) or glycol-split dp36 heparin. The residual activity against the fluorescent peptide substrate was determined.
Figure 6
Figure 6
TIMP-3 Colocalizes with Perlecan in the Pericellular Matrix of Cartilage (A) Hip cartilage from Timp3+/+ and Timp3−/− mice were cryosectioned (8 μm). Sections were air-dried, fixed in ice-cold acetone, and blocked with 5% (v/v) goat serum and 3% (w/v) bovine serum albumin in PBS. TIMP-3 was detected using rabbit anti-TIMP-3 and anti-rabbit Alexa Fluor 468. Perlecan was detected using rat anti-perlecan and anti-rat Alexa Fluor 568. Nuclei were stained with DAPI. Scale bar, 23 μm. (B) Knee cartilage from wild-type mice was sectioned and stained as in (A).
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