Background: Measles affected entire birth cohorts in the prevaccine era but was declared eliminated in the United States in 2000 because of a successful measles vaccination program.

Methods: We reviewed US surveillance data on confirmed measles cases reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and data on national measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccination coverage during postelimination years 2001-2008.

Results: During 2001-2008, a total of 557 confirmed cases of measles (annual median no. of cases, 56) and 38 outbreaks (annual median no. of outbreaks, 4) were reported in the United States; 232 (42%) of the cases were imported from 44 countries, including European countries. Among case-patients who were US residents, the highest incidences of measles were among infants 6-11 months of age and children 12-15 months of age (3.5 and 2.6 cases/1 million person-years, respectively). From 2001 through 2008, national 1-dose MMR vaccine coverage among children 19-35 months of age ranged from 91% to 93%. From 2001 through 2008, a total of 285 US-resident case-patients (65%) were considered to have preventable measles (ie, the patients were eligible for vaccination but unvaccinated). During 2004-2008, a total of 68% of vaccine-eligible US-resident case-patients claimed exemptions for personal beliefs.

Conclusions: The United States maintained measles elimination from 2001 through 2008 because of sustained high vaccination coverage. Challenges to maintaining elimination include large outbreaks of measles in highly traveled developed countries, frequent international travel, and clusters of US residents who remain unvaccinated because of personal belief exemptions.