Abstract
Background
The pneumonia caused by the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2, also called 2019-nCoV) recently break out in Wuhan, China, and was named as COVID-19. With the spread of the disease, similar cases have also been confirmed in other regions of China. We aimed to report the imaging and clinical characteristics of these patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Guangzhou, China.
Methods
All patients with laboratory-identified SARS-CoV-2 infection by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were collected between January 23, 2020, and February 4, 2020, in a designated hospital (Guangzhou Eighth People’s Hospital). This analysis included 90 patients (39 men and 51 women; median age, 50 years (age range, 18–86 years). All the included SARS-CoV-2-infected patients underwent non-contrast enhanced chest computed tomography (CT). We analyzed the clinical characteristics of the patients, as well as the distribution characteristics, pattern, morphology, and accompanying manifestations of lung lesions. In addition, after 1–6 days (mean 3.5 days), follow-up chest CT images were evaluated to assess radiological evolution.
Findings
The majority of infected patients had a history of exposure in Wuhan or to infected patients and mostly presented with fever and cough. More than half of the patients presented bilateral, multifocal lung lesions, with peripheral distribution, and 53 (59%) patients had more than two lobes involved. Of all included patients, COVID-19 pneumonia presented with ground glass opacities in 65 (72%), consolidation in 12 (13%), crazy paving pattern in 11 (12%), interlobular thickening in 33 (37%), adjacent pleura thickening in 50 (56%), and linear opacities combined in 55 (61%). Pleural effusion, pericardial effusion, and lymphadenopathy were uncommon findings. In addition, baseline chest CT did not show any abnormalities in 21 patients (23%), but 3 patients presented bilateral ground glass opacities on the second CT after 3–4 days.
Conclusion
SARS-CoV-2 infection can be confirmed based on the patient’s history, clinical manifestations, imaging characteristics, and laboratory tests. Chest CT examination plays an important role in the initial diagnosis of the novel coronavirus pneumonia. Multiple patchy ground glass opacities in bilateral multiple lobular with periphery distribution are typical chest CT imaging features of the COVID-19 pneumonia.
Keywords: 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Infection, Imaging features, Computed tomography, Ground glass opacification
Introduction
In December 2019, a series of pneumonia caused by the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) break out in Wuhan, Hubei, China. Since then, the COVID-19 confirmed cases are increasing rapidly. As of February 10, 2020, a total of 40,265 confirmed cases have been reported in China, with another 23,589 suspected cases, 909 fatal cases, and 3501 discharged patients. Moreover, more than 300 similar cases have been identified in other 24 countries. On December 30, 2019, WHO announced the event constituted a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC), indicating that a big threat to global health has been posed by the novel coronavirus infections.
SARS-CoV-2 is a betacoronavirus that belongs to the family Coronaviridae and the order Nidovirales [1]. Up to date, six coronavirus species have been identified to infect humans and cause disease. Among them, 229E, OC43, NL63, and HKU1 infections are frequently mild, mostly caused common cold symptoms [2]. The other two species, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), might cause fatal illness [3]. SARS-CoV-2 is the seventh member of the coronaviruses that infects humans [4]. Infected patients predominantly presented with fever, cough, and radiological ground glass lung opacities, which resemble SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV infections [5].
A recent publication reported a familial cluster of pneumonia linked to SARS-CoV-2, which indicated the human transmission of the disease [6]. In this family, a 10-year-old child had ground glass lung opacification, but no clinical symptoms. The patient was confirmed to be affected by this novel coronavirus by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). These findings indicate that some patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection are asymptomatic. If some people have a clear history of exposure, regardless of clinical symptoms, or if they present suggestive clinical manifestations, regardless of history of exposure, it is necessary to confirm whether they are infected by chest CT or SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid tests.
Chest CT plays an important role in timely detecting lung abnormalities, allowing for early treatment. We aimed at describing clinical and CT imaging characteristics of 90 patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection and early follow-up appearances of 52 patients. We hope our findings will provide useful information for medical imagers to recognize the COVID-19 pneumonia and assess its evolution.
Materials and methods
Patients
The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Our institutional review board waived written informed consent for this retrospective study that evaluated de-identified data involving no potential risk to patients and no link between the patients and the researchers. All patients with laboratory-identified SARS-CoV-2 infection by real-time PCR were collected between January 23, 2020, and February 4, 2020. The clinical data analyzed were as follows: age, sex, exposure history, comorbid conditions, symptoms, and laboratory results.
Image acquisition and analysis
All included patients underwent baseline chest non-contrast enhanced CT in a designated hospital (Guangzhou Eighth People’s Hospital). An Optima CT680 scanner (GE Medical Systems, Milwaukee, WI) was used and set at 210 mA and 120 kV, with the minimum slice thickness of 1 mm. All images were analyzed by two senior chest radiologists with 15–20 years of experience, in a consistent manner. Image analysis, focused on the lesion features of each patient, included (a) distribution characteristics, (b) number of lobes involved, (c) lobe of lesion distribution, (d) patterns of the lesion (e.g., ground glass opacification, consolidation, cavitation, crazy paving pattern), (e) other signs in the lesion (e.g., interlobular septal thickening, air bronchogram sign), and (f) other findings (e.g., adjacent pleura thickening, pleural effusion, pericardial effusion, thoracic lymphadenopathy, pulmonary emphysema). Thoracic lymphadenopathy was defined as lymph node size of ≥ 10 mm in short-axis; ground glass opacification was defined as hazy opacity that did not obscure underlying bronchial and vascular margins (Figs. 1 and 2); consolidation was defined as opacification with obscuration of bronchial structures and pulmonary vessels [7]; crazy paving pattern was defined as ground glass opacification with associated interlobular septal thickening [8] (Fig. 3). The alterations caused by underlying lung diseases (such as tuberculosis, lung cancer) were not included in this study.
Fig. 1.
A 49-year-old man with history of recent travel to Wuhan presented with fever and cough for 6 days. a, b Non-contrast enhanced chest CT showed multiple peripheral patchy ground glass opacities in bilateral multiple lobular and subsegmental with obscure boundary (white arrows), as well as thickening of the adjacent pleura (black arrows). Besides, CT scan also demonstrated consolidation in the right lower lobe and air bronchogram sign in the lesion (red arrow)
Fig. 2.
A 49-year-old woman with history of recent travel to Wuhan, presented with fever and cough for 8 days. a Non-contrast enhanced chest CT demonstrated multiple ground glass opacification in the both lower lobes (white arrows). b After 4 days, the follow-up CT scan showed enlarged lesions and increased density of the lesions compared with previous images, indicating disease progression (red arrows)
Fig. 3.
A 62-year-old man with a history of exposure to a market in Guangzhou, presented with fever and cough for 11 days. a, b Non-contrast enhanced chest CT showed multiple ground glass opacification in the both lower lobes and thickening of the adjacent pleura. The interlobular septal thickening in regions of ground glass opacification, representing crazy paving pattern (red arrows)
Fifty-two patients underwent a second chest CT after 1–6 days (mean 3.5 days). These images were evaluated for lesions’ evolution by two senior radiologists, in a consistent manner. Changes in lung lesions were divided as no change, disease resolution, and disease progression.
Results
This study included 90 patients (39 men and 51 women; median age, 50 years (age range, 18–86 years). Table 1 summarizes patients’ clinical characteristics. Most patients had a history of exposure in Wuhan or to infected patients; exposure history was unknown in 4 (4%) patients. The majority of patients presented with fever and cough. Six (7%) patients were asymptomatic. Half of the patients hold comorbidities. Thirty-eight (42%) patients showed elevated C-reactive protein. Patients with decreased white blood cells were more than those with increased white blood cells.
Table 1.
Patient characteristics and laboratory results
| Patients (n = 90) | |
|---|---|
| Patient demographics | |
| Median age, years (range) | 50 (18–86) |
| Men | 39 (43%) |
| Women | 51 (57%) |
| Exposure history | |
| Exposure to Wuhan or infected patient | 86 (96%) |
| Unknown exposure | 4 (4%) |
| Comorbid conditions | |
| Any | 45 (50%) |
| Hypertension | 17 (19%) |
| Diabetes | 5 (6%) |
| Cardiovascular disease | 3 (3%) |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 1 (1%) |
| Tuberculosis | 2 (2%) |
| Malignancy | 2 (2%) |
| Others | 15 (17%) |
| Signs and symptoms | |
| Fever | 70 (78%) |
| Cough | 57 (63%) |
| Sputum production | 11 (12%) |
| Fatigue weakness | 19 (21%) |
| Myalgia | 25 (28%) |
| Sore throat | 23 (26%) |
| Chills | 6 (7%) |
| Headache | 4 (4%) |
| Diarrhea | 5 (6%) |
| Nausea | 5 (6%) |
| Vomit | 2 (2%) |
| No obvious symptoms | 6 (7%) |
| Laboratory test | |
| C-reactive protein (mg/L; normal range 0–10) | |
| Increased | 38 (42%) |
|
Decreased Normal |
0 (0%) 52 (58%) |
| Leucocytes (×109/L, normal range 3.5–9.5) | |
| Increased | 3 (3%) |
| Decreased | 19 (21%) |
| Normal | 68 (76%) |
| Positive for (SARS-CoV-2) nucleic acid test by | |
| Real-time PCR | 90 (100%) |
Baseline chest CT showed abnormalities in 69 patients, and 53 (59%) patients had more than two lobes involved. More than half of the patients presented bilateral, multifocal lung lesions, with peripheral distribution. Lesions were inclined to distribute in the lower lobes. Of the 90 patients included, 65 (72%) had ground glass opacification, 12 (13%) had consolidation, and 11 (12%) patients presented with crazy paving pattern. Thirty-three (37%) patients had interlobular thickening, 55 (61%) had combined linear opacities, 7 (8%) showed air bronchogram sign, and 50 (56%) presented adjacent pleura thickening. Pleural effusion, pericardial effusion, cavitation, thoracic lymphadenopathy, and pulmonary emphysema were uncommon imaging findings in these patients (Table 2).
Table 2.
Imaging findings of patients with SARS-CoV-2 at presentation
| Patients (n = 90) | |
|---|---|
| Distribution | |
| Periphery distribution | 46 (51%) |
| Bilateral involvement | 53 (59%) |
| Multifocal involvement | 62 (69%) |
| Unifocal involvement | 7 (8%) |
| Number of lobes involved | |
| 0 | 21 (23%) |
| 1 | 12 (13%) |
| 2 | 4 (4%) |
| 3 | 13 (14%) |
| 4 | 8 (9%) |
| 5 | 32 (36%) |
| More than two lobes involved | 53 (59%) |
| Lobe of lesion distribution | |
| Left upper lobe | 48 (53%) |
| Left lower lobe | 55 (61%) |
| Right upper lobe | 48 (53%) |
| Right middle lobe | 40 (44%) |
| Right lower lobe | 59 (66%) |
| Bilateral upper lobes | 40 (44%) |
| Bilateral lower lobes | 47 (52%) |
| Patterns of the lesion | |
| Ground glass opacification | 65 (72%) |
| Consolidation | 12 (13%) |
| Crazy paving pattern | 11 (12%) |
| Cavitation | 0 (0%) |
| Other signs in the lesion | |
| Interlobular septal thickening | 33 (37%) |
| Linear opacities combined | 55 (61%) |
| Air bronchogram sign | 7 (8%) |
| Other findings | |
| Adjacent pleura thickening | 50 (56%) |
| Pleural effusion | 4 (4%) |
| Pericardial effusion | 1 (1%) |
| Lymphadenopathy | 1 (1%) |
| Pulmonary emphysema | 0 (0%) |
Fifty-two patients repeated a chest CT examination after 1–6 days. Among them, 10 patients (19%) had no changes, 4 patients (8%) had disease resolution, and 38 patients (73%) had disease progression (Table 3). In 3 patients (6%) with baseline negative scan, follow-up CT after 3–4 days showed bilateral ground glass opacities.
Table 3.
Image change on repeat chest CT in 52 patients
| Patients (n = 52) | |
|---|---|
| No change | 10 (19%) |
| Disease resolution | 4 (8%) |
| Disease progression | 38 (73%) |
Discussion
Considering that the majority of patients had a clear history of exposure in Wuhan or to infected patients, our data confirmed that SARS-CoV-2 has the ability for person-to-person transmission [6, 9, 10].
Infected patients predominantly presented with fever and cough. Notably, some patients (7%) were asymptomatic. These findings indicated that the absence of clinical symptoms cannot rule out the diagnosis of infection. Persons with a clear history of exposure to SARS-CoV-2, regardless of clinical symptoms, should be considered for medical observation, home isolation, and further examination. Similarly, patients with symptoms without a known history of exposure should undergo further examinations.
The numbers of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 is rapidly increasing nationwide in China. Chest CT can detect lung abnormalities with high sensitivity, which is quite helpful for early diagnosis of the disease that can trigger early treatment, which facilitates the containment of this emergency disease.
Our study showed some common CT imaging features in patients affected by SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia: bilateral, multifocal ground glass opacities, with peripheral distribution. Of note, more than half of the patients had multilobar involvement and lesions were more frequent in the lower lobes. Pleural effusion, pericardial effusion, cavitation, thoracic lymphadenopathy, and pulmonary emphysema were uncommon imaging findings in these patients.
Imaging features of viruses’ infections usually appear as multifocal ground glass opacities. A previous study identified that ground glass opacities on CT images correspond to pathological diffuse alveolar damage [11]. Histologically, the opacity of ground glass may be caused by alveoli filled with blood, pus, water, or cells. The CT imaging features of viral pneumonia are associated with the pathogenesis of viral infection. Most viral pneumonia shares similar imaging features in the same Viridae family because of similarities in the pathogenesis [12]. SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the family Coronaviridae, so, as expected, the imaging features of SARS-CoV-2 are similar to SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV infection. Nonetheless, unilateral involvement is more common than multifocal involvement in the early phase of SARS and MERS [13, 14]. In our study, the majority of patients showed multifocal involvement in the initial chest CT scan, and this finding is consistent with a recent report [8]. However, whether this finding is a characteristic feature of the SARS-CoV-2 distinguished from the other two coronaviruses remains to be confirmed by further studies.
The follow-up CT examination in 52 patients showed that 3 patients who had negative baseline scan, rapidly progressed to with bilateral ground glass opacities. Since there is an incubation period after infection with the SARS-CoV-2 [15], a patient may not present any symptoms and imaging abnormalities during this period. At present, real-time PCR is used to confirm SARS-CoV-2 infection from respiratory secretions.
In our study, few patients initially negative for SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid test had bilateral ground glass opacities in chest CT scans. After a few days, patients converted to positive for SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid test by real-time PCR. This points out that patient’s history, clinical manifestations, imaging characteristics, and laboratory tests are all important elements in the diagnosis of the disease.
Our study had some limitations. First of all, we cannot demonstrate any prognostic role for chest CT, because we did not find any correlation between imaging and the course of the disease. Also, 52 patients with short-term follow-up chest CT showed disease progression. The imaging evaluation of disease progression is not complete, and we will collect more follow-up CT data to observe the evolution and outcome of the disease and provide more imaging information to be correlated with clinical findings.
Conclusion
Chest CT detects minor lung lesions in patients at an early stage of disease, demonstrating its utility in guiding the diagnosis. In a patient with a history of close contact with a SARS-CoV-2-infected patient, early manifestation of bilateral, multifocal, and peripheral ground glass opacities on a chest CT scan might be a sign of a 2019 novel coronavirus infection. Thus, chest CT is suggested as an important tool for SARS-CoV-2 infection diagnosis.
Authors’ contributions
JL, XT, and LL designed the study; XX was a major contributor in writing the manuscript; CY and JQ collected the imaging and clinical data; LZ, SJ, DH, BC, ZZ, WG, ZL, RJ, TH, YD, LLin, and QG revised it critically for important intellectual content. All authors have read and approved the manuscript.
Compliance with ethical standards
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Ethics approval/consent to participate
The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, and Institutional Review Board approval has been obtained. The written informed consent for this retrospective study was waived.
Footnotes
This article is part of the Topical Collection on Infection and inflammation
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Xi Xu and Chengcheng Yu contributed equally to this work.
Contributor Information
Liangping Luo, Email: tluolp@jnu.edu.cn.
Xiaoping Tang, Email: xtang@21cn.com.
Jinxin Liu, Email: Liujx83710378@126.com.
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