Table 1.
The antioxidant activity and potential mechanisms of ginger.
| Constituent | Study Type | Subjects | Dose | Potential Mechanisms | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 6-shogaol | In vivo | HCT-116 human colon cancer cells | 20 μM | Increasing the intracellular GSH/GSSG ratio; decreasing the level of ROS; upregulating the expression of AKR1B10, FTL, GGTLA4, HO-1, MT1, GCLC, and GCLM genes |
[33] |
| In vitro | Wild-type and Nrf2−/− C57BL/6J mice | 100 mg/kg | Upregulating the expression of MT1, HO-1, and GCLC | ||
| Ginger oleoresin | In vitro | Human mesenchymal stem cells | 100 μg/mL | Reducing ROS production; inducing the translocation of Nrf2 to the cell nucleus; activating HO-1 and NQO1 gene expression |
[14] |
| Ginger phenylpropanoids | In vitro | BJ foreskin fibroblasts | 40 μg/mL | Increasing Nrf2 activity and the level of GSTP1 | [15] |
| 6-gingerol-rich fraction | In vivo | Female Wistar rats | 50 and 100 mg/kg | Reducing the levels of H2O2 and MDA; increasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes and the level of GSH |
[25] |
| Ginger extract | In vivo | Male Wistar albino rats | 100 mg/kg | Reducing the level of MDA; preventing the depletion of catalase activity and GSH content |
[34] |
| In vitro | C28I2 human chondrocyte cells | 5 and 25 μg/mL | Increasing the gene expression of antioxidant enzymes; reducing the content of ROS and lipid peroxidation |
[30] | |
| In vitro | HT1080 human fibrosarcoma cells | 200 and 400 μg/mL | Reducing the generation of ROS | [31] | |
| In vitro | Rat heart homogenates | 78–313 μg/mL | Decreasing the level of MDA | [29] |
GSSG, glutathione disulfide; MT1, metallothionein 1; GSTP1, glutathione S-transferase P1; MDA, malondialdehyde; Ref, reference.