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James D.M. Nicopoullos, Paula A. Almeida, Jonathan W.A. Ramsay, Carole Gilling-Smith, The effect of human immunodeficiency virus on sperm parameters and the outcome of intrauterine insemination following sperm washing, Human Reproduction, Volume 19, Issue 10, October 2004, Pages 2289–2297, https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deh426
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Abstract
BACKGROUND: This is the first study to assess the outcome of sperm washing and intrauterine insemination (IUI) cycles in human immunodeficiency virus-positive (HIV+) men to determine any predictors of success, as well as evaluating the effect of HIV on sperm parameters. METHODS: Semen characteristics were evaluated in 106 HIV+ men and a control group of 234 HIV− men, and the effect of markers of HIV disease assessed. Age, stimulation regime, sperm parameters, markers of HIV disease and the use of anti-retrovirals were assessed as predictors of the outcome of sperm washing/IUI cycles in the HIV+ men. RESULTS: Ejaculate volume, sperm concentration, total count, progressive motility and normal morphology were all significantly higher in the control group compared to the HIV+ men (P<0.05). A significant positive correlation was observed between CD4 count and sperm concentration, total count, motility, progressive motility type ‘a’+‘b’ and post-preparation concentration and a significant negative correlation with normal sperm morphology of both raw and post-preparation samples. No correlation was observed between viral load (VL), years since diagnosis, use of anti-retrovirals or duration of use and any sperm parameter. The only factors that significantly improved IUI outcome were a VL <1000 copies/ml and the use of anti-retrovirals. CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrate that sperm parameters are significantly impaired by the presence of HIV infection and in particular correlate with CD4 count. Undetectable VL and the use of anti-retrovirals improve the outcome of IUI/sperm washing in HIV+ men.